Mechanisms of medicinal, pharmaceutical, and immunomodulatory action of probiotics bacteria and their secondary metabolites against disease management: an overview.

Probiotics or bacteriotherapy is today's hot issue for public entities (Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization) as well as health and food industries since Metchnikoff and his colleagues hypothesized the correlation between probiotic consumption and human's health. They contribute to the newest and highly efficient arena of promising biotherapeutics. These are usually attractive in biomedical applications such as gut-related diseases like irritable bowel disease, diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorders, fungal infections, various allergies, parasitic and bacterial infections, viral diseases, and intestinal inflammation, and are also worth immunomodulation. The useful impact of probiotics is not limited to gut-related diseases alone. Still, these have proven benefits in various acute and chronic infectious diseases, like cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diseases, and high serum cholesterol. Recently, different researchers have paid special attention to investigating biomedical applications of probiotics, but consolidated data regarding bacteriotherapy with a detailed mechanistically applied approach is scarce and controversial. The present article reviews the bio-interface of probiotic strains, mainly (i) why the demand for probiotics?, (ii) the current status of probiotics, (iii) an alternative to antibiotics, (iv) the potential applications towards disease management, (v) probiotics and industrialization, and (vi) futuristic approach.

Exploring the underlying correlation between microbiota, immune system, hormones, and inflammation with breast cancer and the role of probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics.

According to recent research, bacterial imbalance in the gut microbiota and breast tissue may be linked to breast cancer. It has been discovered that alterations in the makeup and function of different types of bacteria found in the breast and gut may contribute to growth and advancement of breast cancer in several ways. The main role of gut microbiota is to control the metabolism of steroid hormones, such as estrogen, which are important in raising the risk of breast cancer, especially in women going through menopause. On the other hand, because the microbiota can influence mucosal and systemic immune responses, they are linked to the mutual interactions between cancer cells and their local environment in the breast and the gut. In this regard, the current review thoroughly explains the mode of action of probiotics and microbiota to eradicate the malignancy. Furthermore, immunomodulation by microbiota and probiotics is described with pathways of their activity.

Review: probiotics and their beneficial effects against various diseases.

Joint FAO/WHO expert's consultation report defines probiotics as: Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Most commonly used probiotics are Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria. There are other examples of species used as probiotics (certain yeasts and bacilli). Probiotic supplements are popular now a days. From the beginning of 2000, research on probiotics has increased remarkably. Probiotics are now day's widely studied for their beneficial effects in treatment of many prevailing diseases. Here we reviewed the beneficiary effects of probiotics in some diseases.

Outcome of primary repair in penetrating colonic injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome of primary repair in penetrating colonic injuries in terms of regional/local morbidity (suture line breakdown, intra-abdominal abscess) and mortality. DESIGN: Prospective, interventional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Surgical Unit II at Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, over a period of 3 1/2 years from June 1999 to December 2002. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Out of 38 consecutive patients with penetrating colon injuries, a selective group of 25 patients (65.7%) undergoing primary repair (simple suture, resection and anastomosis without covering colostomy and right hemicolectomy) were included in this study. The morbidity and mortality variables were recorded and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Majority of our patients were of younger age group (mean 25 years). Twenty patients (80%) were male. The commonest mode of injury was firearm injury (72%). The time interval between injury and repair was 3-11 hours (mean 7 hours). Simple repair of colon with interrupted stitches was the commonest procedure performed (44%), followed by right hemicolectomy (32%). Colon related complications developed in 3 patients (12%), which included two fecal fistulae and one intra-abdominal collection. One patient died of septicemia (4%). Hospital stay ranged between 6-16 days (mean 8 days). CONCLUSION: Primary repair is a safe method of managing penetrating colon injuries in carefully selected patients.